Exploration History

Hydrocarbon exploration offshore Nova Scotia began in 1959 and has seen three distinct cycles of activity since then, with a fourth cycle initiated in early 2012. A total of 207 wells have been drilled with 127 of these being exploration wells. To date, twenty-three significant and eight commercial hydrocarbon discoveries have been made offshore Nova Scotia with additional wells encountering numerous oil and gas shows. Total 2D and 3D seismic data acquired to date is 400,954 km and 29,512 km² respectively.

Exploration Cycle 1

The initial exploration cycle commenced with the awarding of exploration licences to Mobil Oil Canada for the Sable Island region on the shallow water Scotian Shelf in 1959. Subsequent magnetic and gravity surveys lead to the drilling of the first well on Sable Island in 1967 that confirmed the existence of a thick Tertiary- Mesozoic stratigraphic succession (Sable Delta) and had both gas and oil shows. Further licences were awarded to industry and the seismic coverage expanded to cover most of the margin. Between 1967 and 1978, 71 wells were drilled of which 57 were wildcats, and over 140,000 km of 2D seismic was acquired. A number of play concepts were tested, focusing on easily imaged salt structures using the successful Gulf of Mexico analogues, as well as drape over basement features and the carbonate bank margin. Of the 28 wells drilled in the salt structure play, three significant discoveries were made: Onondaga (Shell, 1969 - gas), Primrose (1972, Shell - oil & gas), and West Sable (Mobil, 1971 - oil & gas).

In 1972, Mobil tested a new play concept involving rollover anticlines associated with down-to-the-basin listric faults in the Sable Subbasin, thus-far the most prolific depocentre in the basin. The Thebaud P-84 well made a major gas discovery in the fluvial-deltaic sandstones of the Early Cretaceous Missisauga and Late Jurassic Mic Mac formations. The next year, another new play concept was tested, with the Mobil Cohasset D-42 well discovering light oil in a subtle drape structure overlying the Jurassic age Abenaki formation carbonate bank margin. At the end of this exploration cycle, additional exploration of the rollover anticline play resulted in significant gas discoveries at Citnalta and Intrepid.

Exploration Cycle 2

The second phase of exploration, 1979-1989, was sparked by the major gas discovery in 1979 at Venture by Mobil and Petro-Canada just east of Sable Island. This was a continuation of the rollover anticline play with the Venture D-23 well encountering multiple Cretaceous and Jurassic sandstone reservoirs with very high flow rates (e.g. 22.6 MMscf/d, 278 Bbls/d condensate). The Venture well discovered in a single well about the same total amount of gas that had been found to date in the Sable Subbasin.

Throughout the 1980s, Mobil, its partners and other companies delineated existing discoveries, drilled deeper to new gas-charged overpressured reservoirs (e.g., Venture, Thebaud), and drilled other anticlinal structures. New significant gas discoveries were made at South Venture, West Venture, Olympia, West Olympia, Arcadia and South Sable (Mobil), Glenelg, Alma, North Triumph, Uniacke, Eagle (Shell), Banquereau (Petro-Canada) and Chebucto (Husky-Bow Valley). Shell's light oil finds in Early Cretaceous sands within a shallow drape structure at Panuke, and a faulted anticlinal structure Penobscot confirmed on-trend extensions of the earlier Mobil Cohasset discovery. Three deepwater wells were drilled to test possible Tertiary and Cretaceous turbidite fan plays but were unsuccessful as no hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs were encountered. It was later determined that two of these wells were drilled into prominent erosional remnants rather than submarine fans. At the end of this second cycle (that was ended due to the precipitous fall in oil and gas prices), 54 wells were drilled and 15 significant discoveries confirmed.

Exploration Cycle 3

The third exploration cycle was a two-prong campaign with drilling on the shallow Scotian Shelf and deepwater Scotian Slope. The former was initiated by the announcements to develop the light oil discoveries at Cohasset and Panuke in late 1989 by LASMO (Cohasset-Panuke Project), and six gas fields in the Sable Island area in 1996 by Mobil, Shell and partners (Sable Offshore Energy Project). Several exploration wells were drilled by LASMO to test related and nearby closures, with more light oil found at Balmoral in 1991.

In 1998, PanCanadian (now EnCana), the new operator of the Cohasset-Panuke Project, drilled beneath Panuke and made a discovery of slightly sour gas in dolomitized and leached limestones of the Late Jurassic Abenaki reef margin. From 1999-2005 a number of follow-up wells were drilled to define the areal extent of the Deep Panuke gas field. In November 2006 EnCana filed the Deep Panuke Development Plan Application and stated that the field had 28.9 E9M3 (1027 Bcf) of mean in-place gas with mean recoverable reserves of 18.6 E9M3 (659 Bcf). Deep Panuke is scheduled to begin production in 2013. In 2001, EnCana drilled an exploration well (Queensland M-88) in the vicinity of Deep Panuke to test a postulated by-passed sands play in front of the carbonate bank. It was a technical success, encountering a thin, low quality gas sand that demonstrated the viability of this play concept. In 2001 EnCana also drilled Southampton A-25 to test for hydrocarbons in Missisauga sands trapped in a fault-dependent, footwall closure. Southampton encountered reservoir quality sands but all zones were wet.

From 2000-2004 Mobil (now ExxonMobil) and partners initiated an exploration program to test a number of large rollover anticlinal structures in the vicinity of their Sable Gas Project. Two of these wells (Adamant N-97 & Cree I-34) encountered gas pay in a number of the fluvial deltaic sands of the Missisauga formation, however these zones were not deemed to be commercial. In 2001, Shell drilled Onondaga B-84 primarily to test for lower Missisauga deltaic sands trapped against the flank of a salt dome. In the B-84 primary target interval only a few poor quality gas bearing zones were encountered. Other explorers such as Canadian Superior unsuccessfully tested the Abenaki carbonate play at Marquis, though did encounter a few low to modest quality gas bearing zones at Mariner.

In deeper water, large areas of the Scotian Slope were licenced by industry in the late 1990s, and following extensive acquisition of regional 2D and 3D seismic data, six wells were drilled between 2002 and 2004. Four of the deepwater wells targeted large anticlinal features related to salt tectonics. The initial results were encouraging, with Marathon discovering a total of 27 m of net gas pay in Annapolis G-24, and Chevron encountering several thin, gas bearing, reservoir sands in a fold at Newburn H-23. The other two wells - Balvenie B-79 (Imperial) and Crimson F-81 (Marathon) - targeted salt withdrawal features but failed to encounter any significant gas-bearing reservoir sands. EnCana drilled an interpreted Tertiary fan on the western portion of the Scotian Slope at Torbrook C-15 that was later determined to be a slump feature. They also drilled a large anticlinal subsalt structure at Weymouth A-45, but the well failed to encounter any reservoir sands in the Upper Missisauga-equivalent deepwater target interval. A more detailed account of the deepwater drilling results is presented in the CNSOPB publication, “Nova Scotia Deepwater Post-Drill Analysis 1982-2004” (Kidston et al., 2007). No exploration wells have been drilled offshore Nova Scotia since December 2005.

Exploration Cycle 4

In January 2012, Shell acquired four deepwater parcels along the southwestern Scotian Slope in a search for oil, with a work commitment of C$970 million.  In January 2013, BP acquired four deepwater parcels northeast of and along trend of the Shell licences for C$1 billion. At the same time, Shell was the successful bidder for two additional deepwater licences north of its existing ones, as well as a block in the central part of the shallow water Sable Subbasin. Regional 3D seismic programs are planned to commence in the spring of 2013, with drilling expected to begin in 2015.  This activity marks the start of a fourth exploration cycle which appears to be focused along the southwestern parts of the margin.